Made 4 Art: Hexamilion wall

Hexamilion Wall (Εξαμίλιον τείχος)

Location

Coordinates	37°55′34.35″N, 22°58′21.36″E
Country	Greece
Region	Corinthia
Elevation	0 to 80 m
Peak Period	Byzantine

The Hexamilion wall (Greek: Εξαμίλιον τείχος, "six-mile wall") is a defensive wall constructed across the Isthmus of Corinth guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from mainland Greece.

History

Early fortifications

The Hexamilion stands at the end of a long series of attempts to fortify the Isthmus stretching back to perhaps the Mycenean period.^[1] Many of the Peloponessos cities wanted to pull back and fortify the Isthmus instead of making a stand at Thermopylae when Xerxes invaded in 480 BC (Herodotos Histories 7.206). The issue arose again before the Battle of Salamis (Herodotos 8.40, 49, 56). Although the concept of a fortress Peloponnese was repeatedly appealing, fortification of the Isthmus was of no utility without control of the ocean, as Herodotos notes (7.138).

The Hexamilion and its history

The wall was constructed in the period between 408 CE and 450 CE, in the reign of Theodosius II a during the time of the great Barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire. The attack of Alaric on Greece in 396 CE or the sack of Rome in 410 CE by the Visigoths may have motivated the construction, which included towers, sea bastions, and at minimum one fortress.^[2] The one known fortress contained two gates (north and south), of which the northern gate functioned as the formal entrance to the Peloponessos.^[3] The wall was constructed with a rubble and mortar core faced with squared stones. It is not certain how long it took to complete, but the importance given to the task is apparent from the scale of the construction; the Hexamilion is the largest archaeological structure in Greece. Every structure in the region was cannibalized for stone for the effort, either being incorporated into the wall directly, as was the temple of Poseidon at Isthmia, or being burned into lime, as was the sanctuary of Hera at Perachora as well as much of the ancient statuary of Corinth. In the reign of Justinian, the wall was fortified with additional towers, reaching a total number of 153. Military use appears to have fallen off after the 7th century CE, and by the 11th CE domestic structures were being built into the wall. In 1415, the Byzantine emperor Manuel II personally supervised repairs over a period of forty days. The high cost of this effort caused unrest among the local elite. The wall was breached in 1423 by the Ottomans. Despot Constantine Palaiologos restored the wall again in 1444, but the Turks breached it again in 1446. After the Ottoman conquest of the Peloponnese in 1460, the wall was abandoned. During its history, the wall never succeeded in fulfilling the function for which it was constructed, unless it acted as a deterrent. Elements of the wall are preserved south of the Corinth Canal and at the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia.